Hi Leonardo,
Your instincts were right on with replacing the charging port assembly, as that's exactly what your panic log indicates is at fault. Here's the smoking gun:
Missing sensor(s): mic1
According to the iPhone Kernel Panics wiki page, that sensor is indeed located on the charging port assembly.
Missing Sensor
Mic1 - Bottom Microphone
Location
On the Charge Port Assembly
Likely Issue
Charge Port Assembly or its connector on the Logic Board
I have to disagree with Francis regarding the necessity of buying genuine Apple replacement parts; I've replaced dozens of iPhone parts with aftermarket parts and rarely had an issue with them.
Given that you're still having problems after replacing the port, that leaves only a couple of possibilities. First you could have gotten a bad part; it happens occasionally. It should be relatively straightforward to order one from a different supplier and see if replacing it yet again fixes the issue.
On the other hand, if you check the Likely Issue section, it also states that it could be a problem with the FPC connector on the motherboard where the charging port flex cable plugs in. So you will definitely want to unplug it again and check it carefully with a magnifying glass and a bright light. If there are any bent pins they can sometimes be straightened with some fine tip tweezers, but of course broken or missing pins are much more problematic.
If everything looks good, clean both sides of the connector with 90% or higher concentration isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol, give it a moment or two to dry, then carefully plug it back in and see if it makes any difference. If not, I'd suggest biting the bullet and replacing it once again.
Let us know how it all turns out for you.
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