Sounds like you’re facing the HFS+ to APFS issues!
So simply the systems current OS-X/macOS will define what the systems firmware level it has. In turn that sets what it is able to boot up under.
So… A system which is running Sierra or older does not have the needed firmware update to run High Sierra or newer based drives as they will upgraded or setup with APFS file system which is alien to the older based system!
Think of it this way… Someone who only speaks one language can’t understand another! But someone who is bilingual can under stand both languages!
So your system which is running High Sierra or newer will be able to boot up from either drive!
How to fix this? You’ll need to create a USB thumb OS installer drive which you can boot your new system with. Then using it to upgrade the systems drive with a fresh install of your OS. Now what to use? I would go with Mojave and no higher if you need a APFS OS. Frankly, SATA based systems do better with HFS+ So I would look at sticking with it if you can. Sadly, Apple doesn’t allow you run the newer OS’s under the older file system.
Reference: How to get old versions of macOS
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