Cannot speak through phone speaker during calls person receiving call

Assuming you've tried the software solutions such as restarting your phone, you may have an issue with the microphone that's used when you're making a phone call. Can the person you call hear you if you put your phone in speakerphone mode? Doing that switches the microphone from the one at the bottom of the phone to the one at the top. If that works, that would say fairly certainly that the lower microphone is damaged or defective.

Here's a picture showing the location of those two microphones, one at the top and one at the bottom.

First thing to do if you've decided there's a problem with the lower microphone is to try cleaning it. Use some 90% or higher concentration isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol to clean out the hole for the microphone; you can try using a pin or something to clean out any dirt or pocket lint, but be sure not to stick it in too far and thus damage the microphone with the pin.

As a last resort if nothing else works, you could try replacing the microphone. On your phone it's mounted on a small circuit board at the bottom of the phone, which is fairly easily replaceable. iFixit doesn't have a guide to that repair, but the Spanish site Nadie Me Llama Gallina has just what you need. As you might guess, the site is in Spanish, but if you use it together with the Chrome browser's translation feature, it becomes easy to use no matter what your native language might be.

Manuales / Samsung Galaxy A52s 5G / Placa auxiliar - Nadie Me Llama Gallina

Good luck and be sure to come on back and let us know what you find and how it all turns out; your answer may help the next person who comes along with the same problem.

Not speaker per say but the microphone.

Check for corrosion or dirst in the contacts, check if tiny dirt particles are blockinking the microphone hole.

If all these fails, consider replacing the mic