Take it apart, remove the board and hammer all of the chips on the board - RAM included if you aren’t sure. If you can isolate it down to the NAND flash, then you do not need to do that.
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More than likely it’s the exposed chip here, but if you wanted to break the chips under the shield to be sure, then it won’t harm or hurt you.
Take it apart, remove the board and hammer all of the chips on the board - RAM included if you aren’t sure. If you can isolate it down to the NAND flash, then you do not need to do that.