Hi Connor!
So the Xbox told you that it did overheat. That explains that it worked the next day (completely cooled down). 15 minutes is really fast for overheating. It sounds like that the fan stopped working!
Can you hear the fan spinning?
Please open the xbox and turn it on without the top case on it. So you can check if it spins or not.
Please let us know if this is it or not. Thanks!