as of today (20/08/2022) i had this problem too with my laptop (ASUS K555LNB) since a month ago due to falling off from my desk (twice!), I had a 2tb hdd on CADDY and a 256 ssd on SATA3, and both my OS were installed on ssd.
after each boot up my system would crash after a while because my SATA3 port would fail and OS had no access to drive.
solution: what worked for me so far was changing the drive ports (ssd on caddy, hdd on SATA3) and so far so good. (sometimes hdd would get unplugged and undetected but no problem as this drive is for archiving only)
gotta mention that there is no such speed drop for ssd in sata2 and everything is working smoothly.