Based on the System info you’ve posted, this sounds like it might be a dud battery. It can see that it’s there. But it cannot see any other data (capacity, cycle count, etc…). I am willing to bet this also includes thermal data since that may also be why your machine is throttling: fan running at max speed, CPU is clocked down to generate less heat. if the system cannot get this thermal information it assumes the worst and runs the system like it’s on fire.
As Dan suggested I would download coconut battery, or run system diagnostics (press and hold D when you power on) to see if you can get some sort of definitive information.