So I got my adapter for SATA to USB and plugged in an external hard drive which allowed me to update the bios… this is where it gets kinda funny. I think at some point I must have changed the boot setting from UEFI to Legacy which for some reason makes the drive not show up in the BIOS. This was likely due to the fact that the internal drive wasn't bootable (coulda sworn I installed Windows 10 and tested it on my desktop)
I switched it back to the proper setting and realized that the drive, in fact, was not bootable. So I set up a USB drive Windows installer and installed Windows on the drive. Everything is working fine now.
Interesting that you don't seem to be able to update the BIOS from a USB drive… good to know for the future I guess.